Every year on May 23, World Turtle Day is observed to raise awareness about the conservation of turtles and tortoise species. The day reminds us that while turtles have existed on Earth for millions of years, their survival is now under threat due to human activities, climate change, and pollution.
History and Origin
World Turtle Day was initiated in the year 2000 by the non-profit organization American Tortoise Rescue (ATR). Since 1990, ATR has been actively working for the protection and rehabilitation of turtles. Its primary goal is to protect turtles from illegal trade and being kept as pets.
Objectives of the Day
- Protect turtles and their natural habitats
- Raise voice against illegal trade and poaching
- Spread awareness about the ecological importance of turtles
- Educate people on the harms of keeping turtles as pets
Turtle Habitats
Different turtle species inhabit different ecosystems. Some notable examples:
- Coral Triangle Region — A marine area stretching across Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and the Mesoamerican Reef in the Caribbean. Several species of sea turtles thrive here.
- Gulf of California — Another important region for sea turtles.
- Roti Island (Indonesia) — A small island (about 161 sq. km), home to the unique snake-necked turtles.
(This information is provided by the San Diego Zoo.)
Turtle Life Cycle and Reproduction
- Breeding Season
- Most turtles breed between March and June. Female sea turtles return to the shores every 2–4 years to lay eggs.
- Egg-Laying Process
- Female turtles come ashore at night and dig holes in the sand to lay 50–150 eggs at a time.
- One female can lay eggs multiple times in a single season.
- It generally takes 45–70 days for the eggs to hatch.
- Interesting Fact:
- The temperature of the eggs determines the sex of the hatchlings — higher temperatures produce females, while lower temperatures result in males.
Turtle Status in India
India is home to several turtle species, many of which are endangered or critically endangered. The primary threats include:
- Illegal trade
- Environmental pollution
- Habitat destruction
- Climate change
The Incredible Olive Ridley Turtle Gathering in Odisha
Every year, a natural wonder occurs along the coast of Odisha, India, when millions of Olive Ridley sea turtles arrive for nesting.
- Major Nesting Sites:
- Gahirmatha Beach
- Rushikulya Beach
- Devi River Mouth
Arribada (Mass Nesting):
Between February and April, thousands of female turtles come ashore simultaneously to lay eggs. This unique phenomenon is called Arribada, where lakhs (hundreds of thousands) of eggs are laid at once.
- Eggs and Hatching:
- A single female lays over 100 eggs in one go.
- In total, millions of eggs can be seen across the shores.
- Within 45–60 days, the hatchlings emerge and rush toward the sea.
- Conservation Efforts:
- Nesting beaches are declared eco-sensitive zones.
- Fishing is restricted, lights are dimmed at night, and security teams are deployed.
- The Odisha Forest Department, Indian Navy, and several NGOs work together for protection.
Ecological Importance of Turtles
- Turtles help clean seagrass beds and coral reefs.
- They aid in seed dispersal and maintain soil fertility.
- They play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem balance.
Why Are Turtles Important to Humans?
- For many coastal communities, turtles are not just animals but an integral part of their culture and traditions.
- Sea turtles are considered sacred or ancestral spirits by many indigenous groups.
- Turtle-watching ecotourism provides significant employment and income to locals.
Research shows:
Ecotourism focused on live turtles generates more revenue than the trade of their eggs, meat, or shells.
Thus, turtles are more valuable alive than dead.
Major Threats to Turtles
| Threat | Description |
| Plastic Pollution | Ingestion of plastic leads to death |
| Illegal Hunting | For meat, eggs, and shell |
| Coastal Encroachment | Nesting disrupted due to habitat destruction |
| Climate Change | Affects temperature, sea levels, and egg sex determination |
Conservation Measures
- Reduce plastic usage and keep beaches clean
- Do not keep turtles as pets
- Inform forest departments about injured turtles
- Run awareness campaigns and educate children
Turtle Habits
- Turtles are not social animals. They don’t mind being near others but don’t interact much.
- Most turtles are diurnal and actively search for food during the day.
- Contrary to belief, turtles are not completely silent —
- Some sound like electric motors
- Some belch
- Some bark like dogs
- The South American Red-Footed Tortoise clucks like a chicken
Tourism and Public Awareness
Every year, tourists from across India and abroad come to witness the unique Arribada event.
This helps boost local awareness about conservation and provides livelihood opportunities for residents.
Conclusion
World Turtle Day reminds us that turtles are not only vital for our environment but also symbols of nature’s delicate balance.
Events like Arribada on Odisha’s coast show that miracles are possible when humans and nature work together.
It is our shared responsibility to ensure that future generations can also see these amazing creatures alive and thriving.
Also Read:
- International Biological Diversity Day 2025: An Overview
- National Endangered Species Day 2025: History & Significance
